Benzalkonium Chlorides: Uses, Regulatory Status, and Microbial Resistance

Proteomic approach to Pseudomonas aeruginosa adaptive resistance to benzalkonium chloride.

UNLABELLED This study aimed to assess the membrane modifications in Pseudomonas aeruginosa after continuous exposure to increasing doses of benzalkonium chloride (BC). Two different concentrations were used, 0.9 and 12.0mM. Proteomic investigations revealed that the range of the outer membrane proteome alterations following continuous exposure is very low, i.e. about 10% and BC concentration de...

Mechanism of resistance to benzalkonium chloride by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The mechanisms of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to benzalkonium chloride (BC) were studied. The effluence of cell components was observed in susceptible P. aeruginosa by electron microscopy, but resistant P. aeruginosa seemed to be undamaged. No marked changes in cell surface potential between Escherichia coli NIHJC-2 and a spheroplast strain were found. The contents of phospholipids (PL...

Methicillin Resistance, Biofilm Formation and Resistance to Benzalkonium Chloride in Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates

Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, there is evidence that biofilm-associated resistance may be related to modified nutrient environments, leading to suppression of growth rate within the biofilm, interaction between exopolymer matrices and the antimicrobial, as well as the development of biofilm-specific phenotypes [3]. In comparative antimicrobial susceptibility studies, many commo...

Microbial Resistance and Biocides

Intrinsic Resistance of Burkholderia cepacia Complex to Benzalkonium Chloride

Pharmaceutical products that are contaminated with Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) bacteria may pose serious consequences to vulnerable patients. Benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride (BZK) cationic surfactants are extensively used in medical applications and have been implicated in the coselection of antimicrobial resistance. The ability of BCC to degrade BZK, tetradecyldimethylbenzylammoniu...